Yuan Jiang

Accurate prediction of temperature distributions is essential for safe and efficient battery pack design and management. In indirect liquid cooling configurations, battery cell layouts strongly influence internal heat transfer, which complicates layout-aware heat map prediction. However, existing data-driven and physics-informed surrogate models are often constrained by scarce high-fidelity data, grid-based discretizations, and insufficient generalization across varying layouts. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a physics-informed cross-attention operator network (PI-CAON), a mesh-free neural operator for steady-state heat map prediction in large-scale battery packs. The proposed model integrates Fourier feature encoding to represent multi-frequency thermal behaviors, a hard-constrained Fourier embedding to enforce Neumann boundary conditions, and a cross-attention-based feature fusion mechanism to explicitly capture inter-cell and layout-dependent thermal interactions. By embedding the governing heat transfer physics into training loss, PI-CAON enables label-free learning whilst maintaining physical consistency. Numerical experiments on a 20-cell indirect liquid cooling battery pack demonstrate that PI-CAON achieves accurate and robust heat map predictions across diverse layout configurations, with a maximum temperature error below 0.03 °C. Comparative studies show that PI-CAON consistently outperforms grid-based methods, existing physics-informed neural operators, and purely data-driven baselines in both prediction accuracy and computational efficiency, highlighting its potential for battery thermal design optimization and uncertainty quantification.

Dispersive signals, with frequency-dependent propagation velocities, are omnipresent in structural health monitoring (SHM) and nondestructive testing. However, their multimodal nature, overlapping group delays (GDs), and bandwidth variations bring substantial challenges to conventional signal processing techniques. This paper proposes a novel decomposition algorithm—iterative dispersive Vold–Kalman filter (IDVKF)—for accurate GD estimation and robust damage feature detection from multicomponent broadband dispersive signals. Specifically, a dispersive Vold–Kalman filter framework is developed by formulating the decomposition problem in the frequency domain, enabling effective demodulation of highly dispersive signals. To further enhance performance in scenarios with overlapping components and nonuniform bandwidths, variable filtering bandwidths and a joint decomposition scheme are integrated. In addition, a GD refinement strategy is introduced to iteratively update GD estimates via reconstructed envelopes, improving time–frequency resolution and estimation accuracy. Finally, an iterative local bandwidth adaptation mechanism, inspired by windowed signal orthogonality, is proposed to improve algorithm adaptivity against noise and mitigate feature leakage under frequency-dependent bandwidth variations. Numerical simulations and two experimental validations in SHM demonstrate that IDVKF achieves superior accuracy and robustness in GD tracking and damage detection compared to existing methods.

Hall thrusters, characterized by high specific impulses and extended operational durations, are increasingly recognized as promising electric propulsion devices for long-duration missions and station-keeping of cislunar satellites. However, the failure of channel wall erosion induced by sputtering remains a significant challenge, compromising the functionality and reliability of Hall thrusters. This paper proposes a novel Hall thruster remaining useful life (RUL) prediction approach based on adaptive self-cognizant dynamic system (ASDS) with multi-physics modeling. First, a low-fidelity plasma discharge model and a semi-empirical sputter model are integrated to reveal the erosion mechanism and efficiently generate degradation data. Then, a state-space ASDS model, employing fully-connected neural networks (FCNNs) as system modelers, is established based on the erosion mechanism and trained offline using simulation data. Upon receiving online telemetry observations, the state of health (SOH) and FCNN parameters are estimated and updated through the particle filter. The RUL and its distribution are finally predicted by forwarding SOH across different particles. Case study on SPT-100 Hall thruster validates the effectiveness of the proposed ASDS approach, which not only captures the fundamental failure mechanisms and adjusts to system variations, but also provides the uncertainty of RUL as valuable prior information for thruster refueling and maintenance decision-making.

The layout of battery cells in liquid-based battery thermal management systems determines the temperature distribution within a battery pack, which, in turn, affects the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the battery system. Therefore, real-time heat map prediction is of great importance for battery design optimization and control strategy refinement. However, the scarcity of high-fidelity data as well as the imperfections of low-fidelity physics knowledge significantly hinder the accuracy of both data-driven and physic-informed machine learning (PIML) surrogate models. To tackle these challenges, this paper proposes a novel multi-fidelity physics-informed convolutional neural network (MFPI-CNN) that integrates low-fidelity domain-specific knowledge with limited high-fidelity data to provide accurate and trustworthy real-time battery heat map estimations. First, to facilitate the integration of heat transfer knowledge into machine learning models, a complex three-dimensional battery heat transfer problem is simplified to an equivalent two-dimensional representation as low-fidelity physics knowledge. Then, the MFPI-CNN with a physics-informed backbone and a high-fidelity projection head is proposed to generate battery heat maps at various fidelity levels. The backbone’s pre-training employs an unsupervised PIML framework, embedding heat transfer partial differential equations and boundary conditions within the loss function and padding modes. The high-fidelity projection head with a simplified structure is then appended to the fixed backbone and trained by limited labeled data. Both the backbone and projection head are equipped with appropriate modules and linear-weighting loss functions to normalize convergence speed. The efficacy of the model simplification is verified by various battery experiments and simulations. Comparative results and ablation studies on heat map predictions demonstrate that the proposed MFPI-CNN outperforms traditional data-driven, physics-informed, and other multi-fidelity surrogate models.

Vold-Kalman filter (VKF) is a powerful tool for time-frequency (TF) decomposition of nonstationary signals. However, the overdependence on instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation, neglect of nonlinear initial phase, and improper bandwidth selection against noise interference limit its practical performance in mechatronic transmission fault diagnosis under variable speed conditions. This article proposes a novel signal processing method named iterative adaptive Vold–Kalman filter (IAVKF) to tackle the challenges in VKF and realize accurate IF estimation and fault dynamic feature extraction. Specifically, an improved VKF model is developed with the consideration of nonlinear initial phase and discrepancies between true and estimated IFs. Then, the estimated IF is refined by the recovered envelope to ameliorate TF resolution. Finally, an iterative bandwidth adaptation step is developed based on signal orthogonality to reduce noise interference and ensure algorithm convergence. Numerical analysis and two engineering applications in mechatronic transmission fault diagnosis are conducted, showing that IAVKF provides higher accuracy and efficiency in fault feature extraction and IF estimation.

Dispersive signals are omnipresent in structural health monitoring and nondestructive testing. Due to the strong dispersion and multimodal characteristics, such signals often contain multiple components with frequency-varying group delays (GDs) overlapping in time–frequency (TF) domain, bringing great challenges to the existing signal processing methods. This paper presents a novel dispersive signal decomposition method named iterative frequency-domain envelope-tracking filter (IFETF) to accurately estimate the dispersion curves and separate overlapped components. Specifically, an envelope tracking issue is introduced in frequency domain based on dispersive signal model. Then, GDs are refined by recovered frequency envelope, and an iterative processing procedure is designed to ameliorate the TF resolution. To initialize the IFETF, an adaptive ridge detection technique is introduced to automatically estimate the number of components and their GDs with little prior knowledge. In addition, a high-quality TF representation can be constructed according to the results of IFETF, unambiguously revealing TF patterns of a multi-component dispersive signal. The proposed method was demonstrated by numerical analysis and engineering applications on broadband Lamb wave inspection and rail damage detection. Compared with traditional TF analysis techniques, the results show that the IFETF provides higher accuracy and efficiency in signal reconstruction and GD estimation.